Objective: To look for correlations between radiological patterns and CD4+ T cell counts in patients coinfected with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: Patients included were selected from among those presenting human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis coinfection and admitted to the Nereu Ramos Hospital, located in Florianópolis, Brazil, between January of 2000 and December of 2003. Results: A total of 87 patients were included. The mean age was 34 + 8 years, and 6.8% were non-Caucasian. The mean CD4+ T cell count was 220.2 cells/mm3 (median, 144 cells/mm3), and 56.4% of the patients presented less than 200 cells/mm3. We identified the following radiographic patterns and related them to the CD4+ T cell counts: the alveolar pattern in 50.6% of the cases (56.8% CD4+ T cells < 200); the interstitial pattern in 32.2% (53.6% CD4+ T cells < 200); pleural effusion in 24.1% (47.6% CD4+ T cells < 200); cavitation in 24.1% (57.1% CD4+ T cells < 200); enlarged mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes in 11.5% (90% CD4+ T cells < 200); and a normal pattern in 11.5% (60% CD4+ T cells < 200). The mean CD4+ T cell counts for the radiologic patterns isolated were as follows: 235.2/mm3 (alveolar consolidation); 208.8/mm3 (interstitial); 243.3/mm3 (pleural effusion); 265/mm3 (cavitation); 115.1/mm3 (enlarged mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes) (p < 0.05); and 205.5/mm3 (presenting no radiological alterations). As noted, mediastinal/hilar lymph node enlargement was the only pattern that correlated with the degree of cell-mediated immunity in a statistically significant way. Conclusion: With the exception of mediastinal/hilar lymph node enlargement, the radiographic patterns were randomly distributed in relation to the CD4+ T cell counts.

Keywords: Tuberculosis, pulmonary; HIV infections; Lung/radiography; AIDS-related opportunistic infections; CD4 lymphocyte count; T-lymphocytes, helper-inducer

Objective: This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis cases reported in the city of Ribeirão Preto between 1998 and 2003, according to patient HIV status, gender, age bracket and treatment outcome. Methods: This was a descriptive epidemiological study that employed the Brazilian National Tuberculosis Notification Database as an instrument of data collection. The study sample consisted of all cases of human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis co-infection occurring in residents of Ribeirão Preto and reported between 1998 and 2003. Results: During this period, 1273 new cases of tuberculosis were reported, 377 of which were in HIV-positive individuals, for a co-infection rate of 30%. Of the cases of co-infection, 76% were in men, and the majority occurred in individuals in the 20-59 age bracket. In terms of treatment outcome, cure was achieved in 52%, treatment abandonment was reported in 11%, and death occurred in 32%. The predominant clinical form of tuberculosis was the pulmonary form, which accounted for 58% of the cases. Conclusion: A high prevalence of co-infection was observed in the community studied. The treatment outcomes seen among the cases in our study sample underscore the need to adopt special strategies to monitor this clientele. Comparing the cases of tuberculosis in isolation with the cases of co-infection, no gender-related or age-related differences were observed.

Keywords: Tuberculosis; HIV infections; Comorbidity

Objective: To discuss the main aspects of co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus in the city of Taubaté (located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil) in 2001 and 2002. Methods: This study presents epidemiological data on tuberculosis cases occurring in Taubaté in 2001 and 2002. Results: Of the 250 cases of tuberculosis analyzed, 70 (28%) presented human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity, 95 (38%) presented human immunodeficiency virus seronegativity, and 85 (34%) were patients who had not been submitted to serological testing. In the first group (tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity), males from 30 to 40 years of age predominated, the most common clinical presentation of tuberculosis was pulmonary (65.71%), and the cure rate was 59.38%. In the group of tuberculosis patients presenting human immunodeficiency virus seronegativity, males from 30 to 40 years of age also predominated, the most common clinical presentation of tuberculosis was also pulmonary (70.55%), and the cure rate was 81.63%. Conclusion: We conclude that the human immunodeficiency virus plays an important role in the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Therefore, serological testing for human immunodeficiency virus should be carried out when a diagnosis of tuberculosis is made.

Keywords: Tuberculosis/epidemiology; HIV infections; HIV; Prevalence

Objective: To evaluate tuberculin test results and relate them to the presence or absence of active tuberculosis, as well as to CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts. Method: The charts of 802 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated between August of 1985 and March of 2003 were reviewed. Of the 185 patients submitted to tuberculin tests (23.1%), 107 (57.8%) were male, and 78 (42.2%) were female. Patients were divided into two study groups: tuberculin test reactors (n = 28); and tuberculin test non-reactors (n = 157). Among the reactors, the mean age was 30.60 years, with a standard deviation of 6.62 years, compared with 34.45 years, with a standard deviation of 10.32 years, among the non-reactors. Results: Most of the individuals tested presented only a mild response to the tuberculin test. We found that, at the time of the test, the percentage of individuals with active tuberculosis was greater in the reactor group than in the non-reactor group. During the test period, 10 reactor group patients and 11 non-reactor group patients presented some clinical form of active tuberculosis. In addition, CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts were lower than 200 cells/mm3 in 6 reactor group patients and in 8 non-reactor group patients. Conclusion: Indurations greater than 5 mm were unrelated to higher absolute CD4+ T-cell counts.

Keywords: Tuberculin test; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Tuberculosis; CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; CD8-positive T-lymphocytes

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity among patients with active tuberculosis residing in the city of Londrina, in the state of Paraná, Brazil and treated at the Pulmonology Clinic of the 17th Regional Health Facility of the State of Paraná, and to compare those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus to those with active tuberculosis only in terms of the clinical form of tuberculosis, sputum smear microscopy, chest X-ray and tuberculosis treatment regimen. Methods: A transversal study involving 188 active tuberculosis patients was conducted. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection were diagnosed based on criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. In addition to the data obtained through individual tuberculosis investigation files, clinical and epidemiological information were collected by means of questionnaires, which were completed by all participating patients. Results: The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity among patients with tuberculosis was 14.9%. The rate of positive sputum microscopy results was higher in the tuberculosis-only group (p = 0.0275), and the ratio for patients treatment with alternative scheme was significantly higher in the co-infected group (p = 0.042). In 32.1% of the coinfected patients, the serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection was made simultaneously to or following that of the tuberculosis. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of routinely testing for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis.

Keywords: Tuberculosis/complications; Tuberculosis/diagnosis; Soropositivity; HIV/immunology; HIV infections/complications; HIV infections/epidemiology; HIV infections/ drug therapy; Rifampin/therapeutic use; Disease progression

A total of 287 bronchoscopies were performed in 267 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial biopsies (TBB) were sequentially performed in the same lung, in all cases. Specimens were examined after routine laboratory procedures for microbiologic and histologic analysis. Age ranged from 16 to 78 (median 37.2); 228 were men (85.4%) and 39 were women. Dyspnea was the main symptom in 198 cases (69.0%) and interstitial infiltrates (diffuse or localized) were the most common findings at chest radiographs (179 patients, 62.4%). Endoscopic view was normal in 246 patients (85.7%). Mucosal lesions suggestive of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were visible in 12 cases (4.2%). BAL detected 97 infectious agents, simultaneous co-infection occurred in 3 cases. TBB identified 165 pathogens (9 of them in association), anticipating a better yield than BAL in the diagnosis of P. carinii (84 versus 51, respectively) and cytomegalovirus (35 v. 0). Biopsies were unique in establishing the appropriate diagnosis of extrabronchial cancer and describing inespecific pneumonitis. Altogether, a definite diagnosis was obtained by bronchoscopic examination (including endoscopic view, BAL and TBB) in 271 of 287 cases (94.4%). Infections were caused by P. carinii in 105 patients (36.6%), Mycobacterium sp in 40 (13.9%), cytomegalovirus in 35 (12.2%), C. neoformans in 13 (4.5%) etc. Malignancies (including KS) were found in 16 patients (5.6%). More than one pathologic process was present in 28 (9.8%). Nonspecific pneumonitis was diagnosed in 56 cases (19.5%) and normal lung in 20 (7.0%). Complications related to bronchoscopy were pneumothorax (8 patients, 2.8%), haemorrhage (8), thoracic pain (2) and distal pneumonia (2). Chest tubes were required in 4 patients, including one fatal case (mortality rate of 0.3%). Combining BAL and TBB results increases the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in AIDS, with a low complication rate. If both techniques are performed, a higher number of infectious agents and more multiple causes of pulmonary disease may be identified.

Keywords: Bronchoscopy/methods. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications. Opportunistic infections related to AIDS/diagnosis.

There are few reports in the medical literature about association between bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) and aspergilloma. This report shows the presence of both BOOP and pulmonary aspergilloma in a patient with adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma. It is suggested that these findings represent a random association rather than the expression of a nosologic unity.

Keywords: bronchiolitis obliterans; aspergillosis; T cell lymphoma; pneumonia

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a lung disease occurring in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis, triggered by a hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus in the airways. We report herein the case of a patient presenting a clinical profile suggestive of asthma and meeting the clinical, laboratory testing and radiological criteria for a diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The importance of such findings is that early diagnosis can reduce the risk of respiratory exacerbations and fibrosis.

Keywords: Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary

Objective: In view of the relevance of co-infection with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus, this study was designed to determine tuberculosis prevalence and identify factors related to tuberculosis in patients residing in a region in which both infections are highly prevalent. Methods: All patients treated during 1999 at the HIV/AIDS Clinic of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (Rio Grande Federal University) University Hospital were evaluated retrospectively, from the time of human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis, in terms of the incidence of tuberculosis and its relationship to sociodemographic, behavioral and immunological factors. Results: The sample included 204 patients, and tuberculosis prevalence was found to be 27%. The multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between the development of tuberculosis and being of African descent (odds ratio: 4.76; 95% confidence interval: 1.93-11.72) and an inverse correlation between the development of tuberculosis and the TCD4+ lymphocyte count at the time of human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis (odds ratio: 0.995; 95% confidence interval: 0.993-0.997). When analyzed separately, other variables were found to be potential risk factors: being of the male gender (odds ratio: 2.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.15-5.39); and using illicit drugs (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-4.31). Conclusion: The factors responsible for the development of tuberculosis among patients who are human immunodeficiency virus seropositive include immunological, socioeconomic and demographic factors. The high rate of tuberculosis prevalence among the seropositive patients underscores the urgent need to implement strategies that combine rapid identification and prompt treatment of individuals with active or latent infection, as well as of those with whom they have been in contact.

Keywords: HIV Infections/complications; AIDS-related opportunistic infections/complications; Tuberculosis/etiology; Tuberculosis/epidemiology

Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether respiratory therapy techniques influence the number of cells within and quantity of induced sputum in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Randomized clinical trial, in which patients with asthma or COPD under intervention (n = 16 and 10, respectively) were compared with control groups (n = 16 and 10). Patients in the asthma/intervention (A/I) and COPD/intervention (C/I) groups were submitted to oscillating positive expiratory pressure maneuvers for 5 min, followed by 10 forced expiratory technique sequences. These patients were also submitted to an induced sputum protocol with inhaled hypertonic saline (3%, 4% or 5%; A/I group) or inhaled isotonic saline (C/I group). The asthma/control (A/C) and COPD/control (C/C) groups were submitted only to the standard induced sputum protocol. Results: The final mean weight of the sputum samples was significantly greater in the A/I group than in the A/C group (2,767.25 ± 998.08 mg vs. 1,689.17 ± 1,189.96 mg; p = 0.03). The mean/median total cell counts (×106/mL) were higher in the A/I and C/I groups than in the A/C and C/C groups (4.06/0.95 and 0.63/0.39, p = 0.05, vs. 5.08/1.77 and 0.64/0.40, p = 0.02). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of cell viability. Conclusions: The use of respiratory therapy techniques can increase sputum sample weight in asthma patients, as well as increasing total cell counts in patients with asthma or COPD.

Keywords: Asthma; Pulmonary disease, obstructive chronic; Sputum; Physical therapy modalities.

Objective: To present the pulmonary histopathological alterations found in the autopsies of patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and determine whether underlying diseases and certain associated risk factors increase the incidence of these histopathological patterns. Methods: Final autopsy reports were reviewed, and 3030 autopsies of patients > 1 year of age with an underlying disease and associated risk factors were selected. All had developed diffuse infiltrates and died of ARF-related pulmonary alterations. Results: The principal pulmonary histopathological alterations resulting in immediate death were diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), pulmonary edema, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) and alveolar hemorrhage. The principal underlying diseases were AIDS, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, liver cirrhosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular accident, tuberculosis, cancer, chronic kidney failure and leukemia. The principal associated risk factors were as follows: age ≥ 50 years; arterial hypertension; congestive heart failure; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and diabetes mellitus. These risk factors and AIDS correlated with a high risk of developing LIP; these same risk factors, if concomitant with sepsis or liver cirrhosis, correlated with a risk of developing DAD; thromboembolism and these risk factors correlated with a risk of developing alveolar hemorrhage; these risk factors and AMI correlated with a risk of developing pulmonary edema. Conclusion: Pulmonary findings in patients who died of ARF presented four histopathological patterns: DAD, pulmonary edema, LIP and alveolar hemorrhage. Underlying diseases and certain associated risk factors correlated positively with specific histopathological findings on autopsy.

Keywords: Respiratory insufficiency; Autopsy; Lung diseases, interstitial; Pulmonary edema; Hemorrhage.

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease marked by airway inflammation and airflow obstruction, resulting in air trapping in the lungs. Objective: To assess the associations between airflow limitation, pulmonary volume and X-ray findings in patients with cystic fibrosis. Method: A cross-sectional retrospective study. Review of spirometric, plethysmographic, and chest X-ray findings of outpatients (age ³ 16 years). The airflow findings were classified as within normal limits or as airflow obstruction: mild, moderate or severe obstructive alteration. Results: A total of 23 patients (15 male and eight female; mean age, 21 ± 5.9 years) were studied. Six of them were within normal limits, four had a mild, five had a moderate, and eight had a severe obstructive alteration. There was an association between airflow limitation and the increase of residual volume (p = 0.006) and also with the Brasfield score (p = 0.001), but not with the total lung capacity (p = 0.33). There was a correlation between residual volume and Brasfield score (r = 0,73, p = 0,002), but not with the total pulmonary capacity. Moreover, according to X-ray criteria, the air trapping was correlated only with the residual volume (p = 0.006). Conclusion: In patients with cystic fibrosis (age ³ 16 years), the progressive airflow limitation is accompanied by an increase in residual volume, while the total pulmonary capacity remains normal or tends to decrease. The X-ray score was associated with airflow limitation and residual volume, but not with total lung capacity.

Keywords: Cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary disease. Lung volume measurements. Radiography, thoracic.

Objective: To determine whether serum total IgE levels and total eosinophil counts have any relationship with the response to routine pharmacological treatment in patients with acute asthma. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 162 patients with acute asthma. Serum total IgE levels, peripheral blood cell counts and eosinophil counts were determined. The treatment was adjusted for each patient according to the severity of asthma. Spirometry was performed at baseline and two weeks after the treatment. The patients were divided into two groups: high IgE (≥100 IU/mL) and low IgE (<100 IU/mL). We compared the two groups in terms of the relationships between baseline values and final values (percentage change) for the following parameters: FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75%, peripheral white blood cell counts and eosinophil counts. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the percentage changes of the studied parameters. Nor were there significant differences between the groups regarding FEV1, FVC, and FEF25-75% (% of the predicted values) at baseline. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings, we conclude that serum total IgE levels, peripheral white blood cell counts and eosinophil counts cannot predict the response to the pharmacological treatment of patients with acute asthma.

Keywords: Asthma/drug therapy; Eosinophils; Immunoglobulin E

Imaging the airways has always been a difficult task. Since the introduction of high resolution computed tomography a lot has been achieved in this area, specially in the visualization of the small airways. With the fine details provided by this technique, morphological changes related to the bronchioles can now be detected in a way hitherto impossible. This study was aimed at the description of the CT scan signs of airway disease that were present in a group of 36 patients suffering from chronic respiratory symptoms of cough and great amount of sputum production (bronchial suppuration) attending the outpatient clinics of the Pulmonary Disease Service of the State University of Campinas School of Medicine. Among these patients, 12 were diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis, and 24, other diseases with chronic sputum production. The authors looked for the direct signs of airway disease, such as thickening of the wall and dilatation of the lumen of large airways and these same abnormalities, appearing as micronodules at the center of the lobule and branching linear opacities, or a combination of the two (the so-called "tree in bud" pattern), when the disease is predominantly located in the small airways, in the films obtained from all the patients. The indirect signs of small airway disease, like mosaic perfusion and air-trapping, were also analyzed. Imaging of the airways has come of age with the use of high-resolution computed tomography and there is little doubt that this technique is now the most sensitive radiographic method for imaging the small airways, this previously hidden area of the lungs.

Keywords: Computed tomography. High resolution computed tomography. Airway diseases. Bronchiolar diseases. Bronchiectasis.

Objective: To correlate tomographic findings with pulmonary function parameters in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which 30 nonsmoking patients with IPF were evaluated. Using a semiquantitative scoring system, the following high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) findings were quantified: total interstitial disease (TID), reticular abnormality/honeycombing, and ground-glass opacity (GGO). The functional variables were measured by spirometry, forced oscillation technique (FOT), helium dilution method, as well as the single-breath method of measuring diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Results: Of the 30 patients studied, 18 were female, and 12 were male, with a mean age of 70.9 years. We found that TID and reticular abnormality and honeycombing correlated significantly (negative correlations) with the measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), DLCO, and dynamic respiratory compliance were found, as well as that GGO correlated significantly (and positively) with residual volume/TLC. The ratio of forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC to FVC (FEF25-75%/FVC) correlated positively with TID, reticular abnormality/honeycombing, and GGO. Conclusion: In IPF patients, the measurements of volume, diffusion, and dynamic compliance are the physiological variables which best reflect the extent of the interstitial disease on HRCT scans.

Keywords: Lung diseases, interstitial; Pulmonary fibrosis; Tomography, X-ray computed; Respiratory function tests.

Objective: There are few studies on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) establishing differences between the functional parameters of the disease and variants of sleep. The aim of the authors is to describe the sleep patterns of these patients and to investigate possible correlations among spirometric, gasometric, and polysomnographic variants. Methods: Transversal study using patients with COPD, submitted to spirometry, arterial gasometry, and polysomnography. Results: 21 male patients were studied with average age = 67 ± 9, 7 ± 4 average points in the Epworth sleep scale, average FEV1/FVC% = 54 ± 13.0, average PaO2 = 68 ± 11 mmHg, average PaCO2 = 37 ± 6 mmHg. Sleep efficiency decreased (65 ± 16%) with the decrease in slow wave sleep (8 ± 9%) and in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (15 ± 8%). Average T90 = 43 ± 41%. Average apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) = 3 ± 5/h, two patients (9.5%) presented overlap syndrome. In the correlation analysis a correlation was observed between PaO2 and T90 (p < 0.01), PaCO2 and T90 (p < 0.05), and AHI and the cardiac rate in REM (p < 0.01). There was no correlation between spirometric and polysomnographic variants. Conclusion: The low sleep efficiency, the high number of awakenings, and shift in stages show the low quality of sleep. There were no linear correlations between the spirometric and polysomnographic variants.

Objective: To evaluate clinical predictors of poor sleep quality in COPD patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: Consecutive stable patients with COPD were evaluated for OSA by means of overnight polysomnography; for sleep quality by means of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); and for disease impact by means of the COPD Assessment Test. COPD severity was graded in accordance with the 2020 GOLD guidelines. Predictors of poor sleep quality were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: We studied 51 patients with COPD alone and 51 patients with COPD and OSA. Both groups had similar age (66.2 ± 9.2 years vs. 69.6 ± 10.7, p = 0.09) and airflow limitation (p = 0.37). Poor sleep quality was present in 74.8% of the study participants, with no significant difference between COPD patients with and without OSA regarding PSQI scores (p = 0.73). Polysomnography showed increased stage 1 non-rapid eye movement sleep and arousal index, as well as reduced sleep efficiency and stage 3 non-rapid eye movement sleep, in the group of patients with COPD and OSA (p < 0.05). Independent predictors of poor sleep quality were GOLD grade C/D COPD (OR = 6.4; 95% CI, 1.79-23.3; p < 0.01), a COPD Assessment Test score = 10 (OR = 12.3; 95% CI, 4.1-36.5; p < 0.01), and lowest SaO2 < 80% (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Poor sleep quality is quite common in patients with COPD and is associated with severe COPD and poor health status, having a negative impact on overall quality of life. Despite changes in polysomnography, OSA appears to have no impact on subjective sleep quality in COPD patients.

Keywords: Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive; Sleep Quality; Sleep apnea, obstructive; Health status.

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of determining the inflammatory component of airway diseases (inflammometry) by induced sputum cell counts, as well as its influence on treatment decisions in a tertiary facility for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Methods: We analyzed 151 sputum samples from 132 consecutive patients referred for clinical sputum induction by five pulmonologists between July of 2006 and February of 2007. A structured questionnaire related to the reasons for requesting the test and to the therapeutic decision making based on test results was completed by each attending physician upon receiving the test results. Induced sputum was obtained and processed according to a technique previously described. Results: The principal motives for ordering the test were inhaled corticosteroid dose titration in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma (in 54.3%), investigation of chronic cough (in 30.5%), and monitoring airway inflammation in patients with bronchiectasis (in 7.3%) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (in 6%). Of the 82 patients with asthma, 47 (57%) presented eosinophilic bronchitis (>3% eosinophils). Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis was diagnosed in 9 (19%) of the 46 patients with chronic cough. Neutrophilic bronchitis (>65% neutrophils) was found in 13 patients, of which 5 had asthma, 2 had chronic cough, and 6 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/bronchiectasis. Based on the induced sputum results, the corticosteroid dose was modified in 48 asthma patients (64.7%). Conclusions: The systematic application of inflammometry using induced sputum cell counts can be beneficial for patients with airway diseases, particularly those with asthma or chronic cough.

Keywords: Sputum; Asthma; Bronchitis.

Objective: To analyze the association of dysglycemia with clinical, laboratory, and radiographic characteristics of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), as well as with their tuberculo-sis treatment outcomes. Methods: This was a longitudinal study involving 140 patients diag-nosed with PTB (positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis or positive Xpert MTB/RIF results from sputum samples). Patients were evaluated at diagnosis (M0), after completing the second month of treatment (M2), and at the end of treatment (MEND). At M0, the pati-ents were classified into three groups: normoglycemia+PTB (NGTB); pre-diabetes melli-tus+PTB (PDMTB), and diabetes mellitus+PTB (DMTB), in accordance with glycated hemoglo-bin levels (< 5.7%, 5.7%-6.4%, and = 6.5%, respectively). Treatment outcomes were classified as favorable (cure or treatment completion) and unfavorable (death, loss to follow-up, or treatment failure). Results: In our sample, 76 patients (61.4%) had dysglycemia, 20 of whom (14.3%) had DM at M0. The patients with dysglycemia, in comparison with those in the NGTB group, more frequently presented with positive sputum smear microscopy (94.2% vs. 75.9%; p = 0.003); cavities (80.2% vs. 63.0%; p = 0.03); bilateral lesions (67.4% vs. 46.0%; p = 0.02); and higher median of affected thirds of the lungs (3.0 vs. 2.0; p = 0.03) on chest radiography. No significant differences regarding outcomes were found among the groups, but tuberculosis lethality was higher in the DMTB group than in the PDMTB and NGTB groups (20% vs. 2.2%). Conclusions: PTB patients with dysglycemia had laboratory and radiographic manifestations indicative of more advanced disease, and the risk of death was higher in the DMTB group. These findings reinforce the recommendation for early screening for DM in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis in order to reduce the risk of death during treatment.

Keywords: Tuberculosis/diagnosis; Tuberculosis/diagnostic imaging; Tuberculosis/therapy; Diabetes mellitus; Treatment outcome.