Ludwig's angina is an infection of the submandibular space generally caused by an infection of the 2nd or 3rd lower molar. As a consequence, descending necrotizing mediastinitis, a rare and severe form of mediastinal infection, may occur. The descending necrotizing mediastinitis represents a rare form of mediastinal infection. It presents a high mortality and to decrease that rate it is necessary prompt diagnosis and surgical treatment. Two cases of descending necrotizing mediastinitis due to Ludwig's angina were treated with excellent results in our hospital. The transcervical mediastinal drainage is justified in patients with disease limited to the upper mediastinum. Even so, when there is extensive involvement of the whole mediastinum it is suitable the accomplishment of a wide thoracotomy.

Keywords: Ludwig's angina. Mediastinitis. Diagnosis. Treatment. Surgery.

A rare case of descending necrotizing mediastinitis secondary to a non-traumatic submandibular abscess is reported. Although most reports emphasize surgical treatment as indispensable in this disease, this case had an excellent outcome using only intensive care. Thus, even complicated descending necrotizing mediastinitis can be treated by non-surgical procedures.

Keywords: Mediastinitis. Sepsis.

Objective: To report a case series of patients with descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) who were treated with minimally invasive thoracic surgery. Methods: We report three cases of male patients with DNM who underwent mediastinal debridement by video-assisted thoracic surgery at the Hospital São Paulo, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from admission to the final outcome. Results: The postoperative evolution was favorable in all three cases. The mean length of hospital stay was 16.7 days. Conclusions: We conclude that video-assisted thoracoscopy is an effective technique for mediastinal drainage in the treatment of DNM, with the benefits common to minimally invasive surgery: less postoperative pain, lower production of inflammatory factors, earlier return to activities of daily living, and better aesthetic results.

Keywords: Mediastinitis; Thorax; Thoracic surgery, video-assisted.

Fibrosing mediastinitis is an uncommon disease associated with a multiplicity of clinical syndromes. The pathophysiology of this disease is predicated on the encasement of the mediastinal vital organ structures within a dense fibrotic tumor. This tumor appears to emanate from an invasive chronic inflammatory process causing erosion and external compression of these structures. Two cases of this disease are reported: one case of superior vena cava syndrome and one case of esophageal obstruction which evolved satisfactorily with conservative treatment.

Keywords: Sclerosing mediastinitis. Fibrosing mediastinitis. Superior vena cava syndrome.

Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis is one of the forms of pulmonary aspergillosis typically found in mildly immunocompromised patients. We report the case of a female patient with complaints of chronic productive cough, fever and asthenia. She reported previous corticosteroid use. Computed tomography of the chest revealed consolidation with interposed cavitation in the right upper lobe. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed purulent fluid within the tracheobronchial tree and an endobronchial exophytic lesion. The results of the biopsy of that lesion and the transbronchial biopsy were consistent with aspergillosis. Based on the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, the patient was diagnosed with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis. Treated with itraconazole, the patient presented a favorable clinical-radiological evolution.

Keywords: Aspergillosis; Lung diseases, fungal; Itraconazole. Resumo

Objective: To describe the results of the surgical treatment of children with necrotizing pneumonia. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical charts of 20 children diagnosed with necrotizing pneumonia and submitted to surgical treatment between March of 1997 and September of 2008 in the thoracic surgery departments of two hospitals in the city of Manaus, Brazil. We compiled data regarding age, gender, etiologic agent, indications for surgery, type of surgical resection performed, and postoperative complications. Results: The mean age of the patients was 30 months. Of the 20 patients studied, 12 (60%) were female. The most common etiologic agents were Staphylococcus aureus, in 5 patients (25%), and Klebsiella sp., in 2 (10%). The indications for surgery were sepsis, in 16 patients (80%), and bronchopleural fistula, in 4 (20%). The types of surgical procedures performed were lobectomy, in 12 patients (60%), segmentectomy, in 7 (35%), and bilobectomy, in 1 (5%). There were 8 patients (40%) who also underwent decortication. The postoperative complications were as follows: bronchopleural fistula, in 4 patients (20%); empyema, in 1 (5%); pneumatocele, in 1 (5%); and phlebitis of the left arm, in 1 (5%). Four (20%) of the patients died. Conclusions: Surgical resection should be considered in patients with evidence of pulmonary necrosis. Resection is indicated in cases of severe sepsis, high output bronchopleural fistula, or acute respiratory failure that are refractory to clinical treatment.

Keywords: Pneumonia; Necrosis; Lung abscess; Empyema, pleural.

Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological and clinical aspects of acute mediastinitis and to characterize its treatment. Methods: A retrospective study conducted through review of the medical charts of patients diagnosed with acute mediastinitis at the Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro (Triângulo Mineiro Medical School Hospital) between 1987 and 2004. Results: A total of 21 patients were studied. Most (76.2%) were male, and the mean age was 52.5 years. Six patients (28.6%) died. The most common cause (in 38.1%) was median sternotomy, followed by esophageal perforation (in 33.3%) and cervical infection (in 14.3%). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the causative agents most frequently isolated. In most cases, the treatment of choice was antibiotic therapy accompanied by surgery. The most frequent complications of the acute mediastinitis were pleural effusions (in 23.8%) and osteomyelitis (in 19.0%). The average hospital stay was 26.6 days. Conclusion: Acute mediastinitis is a serious complication of some diseases and procedures. Despite its low incidence, the mortality rate is high. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common causative agents. The treatment used was antibiotic therapy accompanied by surgery.

Necrotizing pneumonia is a serious complication of lobar pneumonia. Four children aged between ten months and three years were admitted with acute bacteremic pneumonia and developed sepsis, pleural effusion, and respiratory distress despite adequate antibiotic treatment and chest tube drainage. Decortication and pulmonary resection were performed in all of them. The observed complications were bronchopleural fistula and one death. The emergency pulmonary resection is indicated when pulmonary necrosis is associated to sepsis and massive bronchopleural fistula. In such circumstances, morbidity and mortality are higher than in other conditions.

Keywords: staphylococcal pneumonia; thoracotomy; lung, surgery

Sclerosing mediastinitis is a rare disorder characterized by an extensive fibrotic reaction involving the mediastinum. Due to the compression or invasion of mediastinal structures, the disorder mimics neoplasia. We present three cases of superior vena cava syndrome in which sclerosing mediastinitis was confirmed. The pathophysiological process is related to enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. The main causes of sclerosing mediastinitis are histoplasmosis and tuberculosis, both of which are prevalent in Brazil. It is difficult to make an accurate histopathological diagnosis using minimally invasive methods, and there is no effective treatment for this condition. In order to make a definitive diagnosis and resolve the aerodigestive tract obstruction, exploratory surgery is indicated.

Keywords: Mediastinitis/physiopathology; Mediastinum; Pulmonary fibrosis; Mediastinal neoplasms; Diagnosis, differential; Case reports [Publication type].

Objective: To assess the incidence of necrotizing pneumonia (NP) in children submitted to thoracoscopy, comparing patients with and without NP in terms of the presentation and clinical evolution. Methods: A retrospective study of children with pleural empyema submitted to thoracoscopy. Thoracoscopy was performed in patients not previously submitted to thoracic drainage and in whom there was evidence of loculated effusion or pneumothorax, as well as in those previously submitted to thoracic drainage and in whom there was persistent pneumothorax or fever with purulent discharge. On the basis of the thoracoscopy findings, patients were distributed into two groups: those with NP (NP group) and those without (no-NP group). Results: The study sample comprised 52 patients. Of the 24 patients with NP, 19 (79%) had undergone thoracic drainage prior to thoracoscopy, 11 (46%) presented with pneumothorax, and 16 (67%) developed bronchopleural fistula. In the NP group, the median drainage time and the median length of hospital stay were 18 and 19 days, respectively. Of the 28 patients without NP, 10 (36%) had undergone thoracic drainage prior to thoracoscopy, 9 (32%) presented pneumothorax, and 5 (18%) developed bronchopleural fistula. In the no-NP group, the median drainage time and the median length of hospital stay were 6 and 10 days, respectively. Conclusions: Pneumothorax should raise the suspicion of NP. Early thoracoscopy can be a valuable treatment option for NP in children because it hastens recovery in comparison with the medical treatment alone and avoids extensive late thoracotomy lung resections.

Keywords: Keywords: Empyema, pleural; Thoracoscopy; Pneumonia; Child.