In poor and underdeveloped countries, including Brazil, pulmonologists have great difficulty in maintaining a level of service that keeps pace with advances in current knowledge, in keeping up to date with newly developed techniques, and in pursuing research. Due to the rising costs of scientific journal subscriptions, one of the main problems is lack of access to the scientific literature. The term "digital divide" refers to the gap between those who can and those who cannot effectively use new information technology and tools such as the Internet to communicate within and between countries. In this report, we call attention to some solutions to this situation. In particular, the SciELO Project, the CAPES Periodicals portal and the HINARI project, as well as several others, provide access at little or no cost. These options are explained in detail herein.

Keywords: Pulmonary Disease (Specialty), Internet. Bibliography. Resource Guides.

In March of 2009, a flu epidemic began in Mexico. Shortly thereafter, similar cases appeared in other countries, alerting authorities to the risk of a pandemic. This article details the principal signs and symptoms of infection with the swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1) virus. In addition, the measures to be taken in suspected or confirmed cases are addressed, as are the procedures to follow in relation to contacts. Furthermore, the drugs used in the prophylaxis against and the treatment of infection with the H1N1 virus are described.

Keywords: Influenza A virus, H1N1 subtype; Influenza A virus; Disease outbreaks.

Suspension laryngoscopy is one of the most common otolaryngological procedures for the diagnosis and surgical approach to the larynx. However, most thoracic surgeons are not familiar with the procedure and seldom use it. The indications for its use are similar to those for that of rigid bronchoscopy (dilatation, endoprosthesis insertion, and tumor resection). It can be performed in children and adults. Suspension laryngoscopy is an alternative when rigid bronchoscopy is unavailable and is therefore a viable option for use at smaller facilities. In this communication, we describe the technique and the applications of suspension laryngoscopy in thoracic surgery.

Keywords: Trachea; Dilatation; Thoracic Surgery; Laryngoscopy.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems, electronic cigarettes, or vapes have been extensively marketed as a safer alternative to combustible cigarettes and as aids for smoking cessation. However, electronic cigarettes often deliver more potent forms of nicotine, such as nicotine salts and synthetic nicotine, which are masked by appealing aromas and flavors, thereby attracting nonsmoking children and adolescents. On the other hand, adults dependent on freebase nicotine (found in conventional cigarettes) often become addicted to these new forms of nicotine in electronic cigarettes. Dual use is common and poses significant health risks, potentially exceeding those of using either product alone. Dual users experience increased odds of COPD, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Electronic cigarettes represent a new challenge for global public health and health professionals. There are currently no specific guidelines for vaping cessation treatment. This study sought to provide health professionals with a comprehensive vaping cessation approach, including effective strategies such as behavioral support, nicotine replacement therapy, and the use of nicotine-free medications.

Keywords: Vaping; Cessation Guidance, Electronic nicotine delivery systems; nicotine replacement therapy, E-cigarette; Addiction medicine.

Setting: Philanthropic health center specialized in lung diseases, including tuberculosis. Background: Directly-observed treatment (DOT) is the chief measure to insure improvement in cure levels and to reduce acquired resistance. This unit adopted DOT in the past, but financial difficulties prevent its maintenance. Objectives: Compare abandon levels in DOT and auto-administered treatment (AT) and identify predictive factors associated to abandonment. Type of study: Retrospective; patients observed in different years and selected at random. Material and methods: 1,226 patients were selected (613 patients in DOT and 613 in AT). Abandonment was compared in DOT and TA; in each group, abandonment was compared to sex, age, alcoholism, previous treatment, direction of symptoms, sputum and extension of the disease. Main results: Patients in DOT and in AT differ in some aspects. In AT, males, older age, positive sputum and more extensive disease were detected, previous treatment predominantly DOT. No difference was detected in relation to duration of symptoms, race, alcoholism and call up. Abandon was more frequent in AT (5.0% vs. 17.0%), p < 0.01, OR 3.90, CI 95% (2.50-5.88); one abandom in AT may be prevented by treating 8.4 patients in DOT. In AT, abandonment was related to male, black race, previous treatment, duration of symptoms, alcoholism and to age; duration of symptoms in DOT. Conclusion and proposal: 1) As abandonment is more common in AT, it is necessary to begin DOT immediately in structured units. 2) Cooperation with company medical facilities, community leaders and pharmacist will make it easier DOT adoption. 3) Punitive measures must be adopted for uncooperative patients.

Keywords: Tuberculosis. Abandonment. Directly-observed treatment (DOT).

Objective: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has been a surgical intervention of choice for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) with lung bulla. Our objective was to introduce a uniportal VATS approach for simultaneous bilateral bullectomy and to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Between May of 2011 and January of 2012, five patients underwent bilateral bullectomy conducted using this approach. All of the patients presented with bilateral SP. Preoperative HRCT revealed that all of the patients had bilateral apical bullae. We reviewed the surgical indications, surgical procedures, and outcomes. Results: All of the patients were successfully submitted to this approach for bilateral bullectomy, and there were no intraoperative complications. The median time to chest tube removal was 4.2 days, and the median length of the postoperative hospital stay was 5.2 days. The median postoperative follow-up period was 11.2 months. One patient experienced recurrence of left SP three weeks after the surgery and underwent pleural abrasion. Conclusions: Bilateral bullectomy through uniportal VATS combined with contralateral access to the anterior mediastinum is technically reliable and provides favorable surgical outcomes for patients with bilateral SP who develop bilateral apical bullae. However, among other requirements, this surgical procedure demands that surgeons be experienced in VATS and that the appropriate thoracoscopic instruments are available.

Keywords: Pneumothorax; Thoracic surgery, video-assisted; Pleural cavity; Mediastinum.

Objective: To increase the knowledge base regarding pulmonology research in Brazil. Methods: A retrospective, observational study of the abstracts published in the Annals of the Brazilian Pulmonology and Phthisiology Conferences held from 1986 to 2004, quantifying the institutions of origin by geographic distribution and type, as well as categorizing the abstracts by study design and topic. Results: A total of 6467 abstracts were published. The institutions of origin were located, variously, in the Southeast (3870 abstracts), South (1309), Northeast (783), Central-West (267) and North (84). There were 94 abstracts originating from foreign institutions, especially from institutions in Portugal (56.3%) and the United States (13.8%). Most of the studies (5825) were conducted in public Brazilian institutions. There were 4234 clinical studies, 1994 case reports and 239 original research articles. A marked, progressive increase was observed in the number of clinical studies and case reports during the period evaluated. Overall, the most common themes were tuberculosis and other infections diseases (25.2%), following by oncology (11.6%), interstitial lung diseases (8.8%) and thoracic surgery (8.5%). Nevertheless, the number of abstracts on each topic varied widely from year to year. Conclusion: Public Brazilian institutions are the principal sources of pulmonology research in Brazil. Such research activity is concentrated in the southeastern part of the country. Case reports account for one-third of this activity. Although there was great variability in the subjects addressed, diseases that are highly prevalent in Brazil, such as tuberculosis and other infections diseases, were the most common topics.

Keywords: Biomedical research/statistics & numerical data; Respiratory tract diseases; Pulmonary disease (Speciality); Bibliometrics; Scientific and technical publications/statistics & numerical data; Brazil

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immunologic lung disease caused by chronic inhalation of chemicals or organic dusts. Its chronic stage makes diagnosis more difficult because other interstitial diseases share the same clinical and radiological presentation, usually requiring open lung biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The authors reviewed the confirmed cases in the last 11 years at the Thoracic Diseases Institute [Instituto de Doenças do Tórax] of the Rio de Janeiro Federal University [UFRJ]. In this period, eight cases were confirmed by histopathological studies. Main symptoms were dyspnea and coughing. All cases showed interstitial infiltrates on radiological studies and restrictive functional patterns were found in 70% of the cases. All seven patients treated with corticosteroids responded with improved clinical symptoms, although some did not have radiological or functional response. Once the diagnosis is established, patients must avoid the causative environment because the disease may progress to fibrosis if exposition continues.

Keywords: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Case-control studies. Diagnosis.

This will be my last editorial as the editor of the Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia (JBP, Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology).

Some techniques used in respiratory therapy are not based on sound scientific evidence. The misuse of such techniques can be harmful in terms of adverse effects and may not be cost-effective. A systematic review of the literature was performed using the Oldmedline, Medline, Cinahl and Lilacs databases, as well as the registry of clinical trials registered by the Cochrane Library and National Institutes of Health. The focus of the review was on trials addressing the efficacy of respiratory therapy in treating pleural empyema in children, adolescents and adults. No such trials were found. We can conclude that there is a lack of data regarding the efficacy of respiratory therapy in pleural empyema. In order to provide such data, clinical trials are warranted.

Keywords: Empyema pleural/rehabilitation; Evidence-based medicine; Physical therapy techniques; Review [Publication Type]; Randomized controlled trials

In Brazil, research on pulmonology has become increasingly more visible in recent years. In addition to the Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology, other journals have contributed to that by publishing relevant articles in this area. The objective of this article was to briefly report the most relevant studies on pulmonology that were published in other important Brazilian journals between 2009 and 2010. Altogether, there were 56 articles related to the various subareas that compose the field of respiratory diseases.

Keywords: Pulmonary medicine; Research; Brazil.